Which tax provisions subsidize the cost of health care? What are defined benefit retirement plans? sources, via the external sources and the internal source. /CS /DeviceRGB Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center. By doing so, the people's interest would be geared towards giving their maximum support to the local government which would lead to the development of the rural area? /StructParents 0 >> Our teams brought Axon to new heights in 2022 with the following major accomplishments: Strong financial results: In 2022, Axon delivered record revenue growth of 38% to $1.19 . >> /F4 85 0 R Google Scholar. /Meta57 46 0 R Sarah Jindra, Chicagos ticket amnesty program begins today, WGN9, November 10, 2015, wgntv.com. the enabling law in form of local government act 1997 (amended). Diesel fuel used in processing, manufacturing, refining, generating electricity, irrigation or farming, or by any hospital may Since residents often react negatively to actions that increase the cost of living, efforts to raise revenue through additional fees and taxes can be considered more acceptable when they also have a perceived public benefit. What are automatic stabilizers and how do they work? <> endobj << >> Since development demands a lot of capital, this study will critically analyze the relationship between local government finance system i.e. >> Tax is however, a compulsory levy imposed by government on individuals and companies for various legitimate functions of the state (Olaoye, 2008). Since 1977, the share of local general revenue from taxes has remained steady at about 40 percent. (2006). On the other hand, if the state collects a tax imposed by local governments, the collection and distribution to the imposing local governments is treated as an agency transaction; that is, the receipts are reported entirely as tax revenue of the local governments and not as either a state tax or state intergovernmental expenditure. /Meta52 49 0 R 4 Revenue from property, sales, and other taxes totaled $707 billion, or 42 percent of general revenue. Something went wrong. 5. Therefore, the following three areas should be examined: In addition, the city should refer back to the results of the citizen sentiment survey conducted during the preparatory stage to help inform the assessment of social acceptance. /F1 20 0 R To address this problem, requires proper implementation of plans directed at enhancing adequate revenue generation. 0 revenue generation and the development of the rural areas using Ikorodu local government in Lagos Nigeria. Lucy Dadayan and Kim Rueben (2021), More Than Fines and Fees: Incorporating Equity into City Revenue Strategies How Could We Improve the Federal Tax System? R[? Meanwhile, revenue from sales taxes steadily increased from 5 percent to 7 percent between 1977 to 2017 (figure 2). Cities could also revise their pricing models by using differentiating factors specific to each revenue lever. Strategic control and revenue generation: A critical success factor in local government using the balanced scorecard. Taxes provided 42 percent of local general revenues, including: Charges, such as city revenue from sewerage and parking fees, when combined, provided 18 percent of local general revenues in 2019. It should also prepare reports on the performance of various initiatives and their respective owners or entities and update revenues studies based on changing market conditions. Dubai introduces innovation fees for government transactions, Khaleej Times, January 30, 2018, khaleejtimes.com. (2014). One of the MMDAs involved in the use of recent ICTs to assist revenue mobilization is the AMA. /F5 40 0 R And these sources tend to be far from optimized: local governments are often unaware of how to get more from existing sources and lack the resources to mount such efforts. >> All revenue data are from the US Census Bureaus Annual Survey of State Government Tax Collections. University Press. /Tabs /S >> 971z endobj <>>> Cameron Amos and Jesper Lindqvist, Finlands fine example, The Australia Institute, January 2016, tai.org.au. Randall, Megan, Tracy Gordon, Solomon Greene, and Erin Huffer. Cities should then establish a revenue committee that adopts a strategic perspective to assess the impact of revenue levers and understand the interlocking factors. <> It is very important especially for developing countries because in developing . /Group << <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 13 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> How does the current system of international taxation work? Small businesses . Subscribed to {PRACTICE_NAME} email alerts. 2. What are inversions, and how will TCJA affect them? /GS7 17 0 R /Font << The revenue systems of these governments eroded while the workloads and scope on the expenditure side of the state and local system budget . Intergovernmental transfers accounted for 36 percent of local general revenue in 2017 (figure 1). /Meta44 31 0 R x- [ 0}y)7ta>jT7@t`q2&6ZL?_yxg)zLU*uSkSeO4?c. R -25 S>Vd`rn~Y&+`;A4 A9 =-tl`;~p Gp| [`L` "AYA+Cb(R, *T2B- Census of Governments, vol. (eds) The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Type /Page Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. How do state and local corporate income taxes work? INTRODUCTION Nigeria is a sovereign nation. What tax changes did the Affordable Care Act make? #$ e-`w6w /Resources << Innovation is poverty reduction: The role of local government. 13 0 obj /F5 40 0 R Local governments collected $1.9 trillion in general revenues in 2019. general sales taxes and gross receipts taxes, Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, federal funds for local transportation projects, Surveying State Leaders on the State of State Taxes, More Than Fines and Fees: Incorporating Equity into City Revenue Strategies, State and Local Government Revenues and Racial Disparities, Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012, Governing with Tight Budgets; Long Term Trends in State Finances, Center on Labor, Human Services, and Population, Metropolitan Housing and Communities Policy Center, 8 percent from selective sales taxes on purchases such as, 2 percent from selective sales taxes on purchases such as, 3 percent from other taxes such as a locality'staxes onhotel bookingsandrestaurant meals. In 2019 inflation adjusted-dollars, combined state and local general revenue increased from $1.2 trillion in 1977 to $3.5 trillion in 2019, or a 188 percent increase. /Im2 19 0 R What are health reimbursement arrangements and how do they work? Form 2, or on the appropriate line on Nebraska and Local Sales and Use Tax Return, Form 10 . 4. /Group << The history of man has sho#n that, No system or rules can be effective #heth, er foreign or nature unless it en%oys some, measures of financial independence. /StructParents 6 /Tabs /S 9evelopment is highly associated #ith, much revenue is needed to plan, execute and maintain infrastructures and facilities, developmental pro%ects li$e construction of accessible roads, building of public, schools, health care centers, construction of bridges among others are sources, generated from taxes, royalties, haulages, fines and, international governments. "F$H:R!zFQd?r9\A&GrQhE]a4zBgE#H *B=0HIpp0MxJ$D1D, VKYdE"EI2EBGt4MzNr!YK ?%_&#(0J:EAiQ(()WT6U@P+!~mDe!hh/']B/?a0nhF!X8kc&5S6lIa2cKMA!E#dV(kel }}Cq9 /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] Assets can include land monetization (such as land used by telcos for cell towers), appreciating land values, and commercial advertisements in public spaces, public markets, and shopping centers. These cities typically adopt one of two archetypes: an independent revenue monetization department that focuses on commercial aspects and acts as a strategic unit for generating revenues, or a commercial unit integrated into the finance department that is responsible for tracking progress of revenue targets. State governments collected $2.2 trillion of general revenues in 2019. The challenge is identifying and prioritizing the opportunities that will have the greatest impact and are relatively feasible. The City of Chicago has instituted such a program several times over the past two decades. We have found that this effort has led to a year-over-year increase in municipal revenues of 30 percent. Since 1977, property taxes as a share of combined state and local general revenues have declined while charges have increased. Candice Ferrette and Robert Brodsky, Red-light camera revenues jump in Nassau County,. This exercise involves analyzing the citys revenue baseline to determine current revenue generation across all streams and then comparing revenue streams against benchmarks for peer cities to identify any gaps. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), 1(10), 2435. /Resources << (2006). Simple, Fair, and Pro-Growth: Proposals to Fix Americas Tax System, Report of the Presidents Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform, November 2005, The Moment of Truth: Report of the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform, December 2010, Debt Reduction Task Force, Restoring Americas Future, Bipartisan Policy Center, November 2010, The Tax Reform Act of 2014: Fixing Our Broken Tax Code So That It Works for American Families and Job Creators, House Ways and Means Committee, The Graetz Competitive Tax Plan, Updated for 2015. What was the experience with return-free filing in California? /Meta54 51 0 R How might low- and middle-income households be encouraged to save? Chin, A.-P. (2007). What is the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit and how does it work? The need for state and local governments to generate adequate revenue from internal sources has therefore become a matter of extreme urgency and importance. /Meta56 45 0 R /ExtGState << >> Each time, the city brought in $7 million to $9 million in revenue. Eneanya, A. N. (2012). endobj Would a national retail sales tax simplify the tax code? What are the tax benefits of homeownership? /XObject << A 2016 study conducted by the Australia Institute concluded that the Finnish model would yield a 12 percent increase on average in the value of fines issued by five states in Australia. /S /Transparency Key 2022 Takeaways. For example, revenue KPIs could include the annual increase in revenue per lever, while nonrevenue KPIs could define targets for each lever and its corresponding interventions, such as the annual increase in the number of violations detected. <>>> How do the estate, gift, and generation-skipping transfer taxes work? Sarah Jindra, Chicagos ticket amnesty program begins today, WGN9, November 10, 2015, wgntv.com. /Image89 71 0 R Keywords : development, projects, revenue, generation, government. 0000001471 00000 n This preparatory work generally consists of collecting the relevant data and developing the current revenue baseline. /F2 21 0 R 5356 11 A review of revenue generation in Nigeria local government: A case study of Ekiti State. State and local governments collected a combined $3.5 trillion of general revenues in fiscal year 2019. /StructParents 0 Edogbanya, A., & Sule, J. G. (2013). )U!$5X3/9 ($5j%V*'&*r" (,!!0b;C2( I8/ Catawba Publishing Company. What are the consequences of the new US international tax system? Local governments include county governments, municipalities, townships, special districts (such as water and sewage authorities), and school districts. /Type /Page How does the availability of tax-favored retirement saving affect national saving? How did the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act change business taxes? << Babcock University Press. /Parent 2 0 R 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas, un.org. 7 Other strategies, such as payment plans, can also reduce leakage and increase collections. /Resources << /F2 21 0 R 10 0 obj The potential effect on electricity prices is discussed in the Additional Comments section below. Charges and miscellaneous fees, such as water, sewerage, and parking meter fees collected by municipal or county governments, provided $385 billion (23 percent of local general revenue). What are Opportunity Zones and how do they work? The finding revealed that there is an average relationship between local government finance and development as other factors like proper utilization and administrative competence are necessary in development. ;nUG]~[ sp!@Q06"NY;k g],g>$6%E#w .CB}6{yghj9Kv:Q9w l+/;2w (&. (Exhibit 1). /Image8 18 0 R The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73875-4_17, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://www.odi.org/events/282-innovations-poverty-reduction-role-local-government, Political Science and International Studies, Political Science and International Studies (R0), Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. << /Tabs /S How did the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act change personal taxes? /Font << 5 << Download chapter PDF Introduction. Allocating resource revenues directly to citizens may reduce poverty and improve natural resource revenue accountability, though it may also starve the government of revenues for public investments. /F7 26 0 R 1346-1366. Nicole Badstuber, London congestion charge has been a huge success. 0000002809 00000 n Tax as a financial charge, is the main source of revenue generation for any government. /Meta50 52 0 R How do taxes affect the economy in the short run? /F5 40 0 R Hassan, M. M. (2011). Aransi, I. O. What would and would not be taxed under a VAT? 7 0 obj In 2019, 31 percent of state general revenue came from the federal government (e.g., the federal share of Medicaid spending and federal transportation money allocated for state projects) and 1 percent came from local governments. /Producer (iText 1.3 by lowagie.com \(based on itext-paulo-153\)) Emerging countries and regions will see the greatest increase in their urban populations, and China, India, and Nigeria represent slightly more than a third of the projected growth in that time frame. endobj /StructParents 3 How should distributional tables be interpreted? The Federal government appointed Consultants/ Monitoring agents on Value Added Tax (VAT) and Withholding Tax (WHT) in the Oil Industry. endobj To meet rising expectations for service delivery amid tight budgets, municipal governments must increase revenues from existing sources as well as create new revenue streams. Create new revenue streams. Furthermore, technological advancements can aid increased surveillance. Li'}4I>A7i3;g f>dm,orW6XCid&ntGMhJ^ur!y]j]V CWD.6Eh.\Z35 =+`=+Zj:8l?3ZbS8h._=mp,:bx+2r&^N J'%3U4oHnkb~u*k.[pg 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, May 16, 2018, un.org. Given state and local tax revenuevolatility resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, and the large amount of federal transfers approved by Congress, particularly as part of the American Rescue Plan, these numbers will probably look different for fiscal years 2020 and 2021, but Census has not yet published that data. /Resources << % These meetings serve as a way to monitor progress and enable proper implementation. In our experience, governments can capture significant valueup to 50 percent of potential additional revenuesby implementing measures linked to effectiveness such as enhancing collections and audit processes or better asset monetization. /GS7 17 0 R 15 0 obj >> A., & Adewoye, J. O. /CS /DeviceRGB Cities use fines as both a deterrent for behavior at odds with the public goodfor example, the accumulation and nondisposal of garbage or building construction without a temporary fenceand a revenue source. >> /Contents 29 0 R Meanwhile, housing-program transfers are about 40 percent of federal transfers to local governments. Revenue from charges, fees, and miscellaneous sources increased from 15 percent to 23 percent in 1985 and has remained roughly at that level since then (figure 2). What kinds of tax-favored retirement arrangements are there? There is no one route that cities can or should take to boost revenues. /Type /Group How does the tax system subsidize child care expenses? endobj How large are the tax expenditures for retirement saving? Next, cities should perform a thorough gap analysis to define the potential revenue impact for any given stream. endobj /ExtGState << /StructParents 8 endobj https://www.odi.org/events/282-innovations-poverty-reduction-role-local-government. Cities that want to implement new charges will be more likely to build public support if such measures both induce positive behavior and have a clear, equitable, and risk-averse public benefit. Local governments received about 32 percent of their general revenue from state government transfers (including indirect federal funds) and 4 percent directly from the federal government. >> US Census Bureau. /Font << /F3 22 0 R Regarding dissipation, figure 4 shows the time series power curtailment of an integrated generation plant without energy storage. As such, federal transfers as a share of local general revenue will likely look different for these yearsbut Census has not yet published that data. /Type /Group Why do low-income families use tax preparers? Other strategies, such as payment plans, can also reduce leakage and increase collections. Governments should ensure that fee levels cover the costs of services being provided in the majority of cases. Alao, D. O., & Alao, E. M. (2013). Local governments created with administrative and financial autonomy have two sources of revenue (internal and external) to promote development at the grassroot. endobj Contemporary issues in local government administration in Nigeria. It is therefore recommended that these factors that affect administrative functions be addressed; staff salaries should be paid early; the little resources at hand should be utilized in building infrastructural facilities, and the constitutional laws and bye laws should be reviewed for proper understanding of local government autonomy, power and functions as the third tier of government. /F5 40 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] . Financing Local Governments: Exploiting the potential of local revenue Introduction Local governments are constitutionally empowered to control, regulate and also raise revenues from activities in their jurisdiction. The revenue generated is utilized by states and its functional departments for meeting the expenditures on infrastructure, public transportation, sanitation, legal systems, public safety, education, health care systems, military . /Group << The maximum curtailed power was 963 MW, and the total annual curtailed energy generation was 560 million kWh, with a . endobj Ayodele, I. O., & Sunday, A. E. (2009). Performance meetings should be scheduled on a weekly basis to track revenue generation and build ownership. hv-oRv9[Plq ?#o-.mOqi@}Fdl(d]i&y-tIT>=#'K/+EmKO+pe>"J*#9(tG_0Yb,UfR`En`o7So^ revenue (IGR) is the revenue that the local government generates within the area of its jurisdiction. n3kGz=[==B0FX'+tG,}/Hh8mW2p[AiAN#8$X?AKHI{!7. How does the earned income tax credit affect poor families? /GS7 17 0 R /Meta82 68 0 R What is the TCJA repatriation tax and how does it work? /Meta59 53 0 R [/ICCBased 14 0 R] 7, 192209. /F7 42 0 R azA/u|,j[^#R"US&HwksN$} YVbh 8. >> 2.1.2 Section 81 of the Local Government Act, 1997 (amended) allows Local Government to mobilise revenue in form thof fees and taxes as specified in the 5 schedule. endobj /Tabs /S >> To mobili"e and utili"e both human and material resources by engaging the. /Image95 78 0 R << fPU1"kVVY%9kgi=IIbjm_l g$+pVS?Fn!:El0L4m^. These fines would promote environmentally responsible behavior as well as create a viable revenue stream for the city. Tax is a compulsory levy imposed by government on individuals and companies, for the various legitimate function of the state (, Tax is a necessary ingredient for civili"ation. Public sector revenue management is as managing government revenue in public sectors. Cities should consider the following areas: Collectively, these assessments will help cities to produce a prioritized list of levers for implementation. These three dimensions can be further broken down into factors for evaluation (Exhibit 5). Fines. For example, the federal government sends K-12 education funds to state governments that then distribute the money to local governments. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] )U!$5X3/9 ($5j%V*'&*r" (,!!0b;C2( I8/ /Tabs /S How did the TCJA affect incentives for charitable giving? Nchuchuwe, F. F. Local government finance in Nigeria in Olojede, I., Fajonyomi, B., & Fatile, J. Thus, the 'ocal government cannot embar$, execute, and possibly carryout the maintenance of these pro%ects and other responsibilities, This is the basic reason #hy development is s$eletal at some 'ocal -overnment, councils in Nigeria. /Meta55 44 0 R >> 0000003592 00000 n stream recommended that the local government should provide basic amenities of high quality. essential social services to the people. What is the size of the opportunity? A new tax on plastic would raise revenues and also benefit the environment. Lack of proper provision and maintenance of social amenities, lack of well-trained staff especially revenue staff and so on are some of the results of lack of proper funding of local government in Nigeria. The rapid urbanization of the worlds population is well under way. /Type /Group 3.16.1 Introduction. startxref PubMedGoogle Scholar, Insitute of African Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Ntiwunka, G., Ayodele, T.M. nQt}MA0alSx k&^>0|>_',G! endobj What is the breakdown of revenues among federal, state, and local governments? 'ocal governments in, over a number of years. This can be accomplished through moves that wont adversely affect public opinion or a citys competitiveness in attracting businesses and economic development. /Font << As such, federal transfers as a share of state general revenue will likely look different for these yearsbut Census has not yet published that data. /GS31 30 0 R %PDF-1.4 It is as easy to achieve fiscal decentralization under a unitary system of government as under a federal system. /F4 23 0 R An effective assessment will analyze a given interventions technical feasibility and implementation. 0000002023 00000 n OECD fiscal decentralization database (object name Table 12: 1970 2016), OECD, accessed April 15, 2019, oecd.org. Dibie, R. A. The survey research design was adopted for this study, with 414 staff of Ikorodu local government area as the population of the study. /ExtGState << How do taxes affect the economy in the long run? /Group << The share from intergovernmental transfers also fluctuated somewhat over time, falling from 43 percent of general revenue in 1977 to 36 percent in 2017. X-ray of Local government administration in Nigeria. /Parent 2 0 R What does it mean for a government program to be off-budget? This source of revenue is mostly cyclical; it grew sharply during the 2001 and the 200709 recessions, receding in both cases as the economy recovered (figure 4). 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas, un.org. /Contents 62 0 R In general, cities draw from four types of sources that each include numerous levers (Exhibit 2). N /Meta58 47 0 R /F6 41 0 R Within this larger context, the ability of local governments to successfully and sustainably use revenue powers depends on an appropriate multi-dimensional constitutional/legal/ administrative framework. Fix the home. Financial management in Nigerian local government. >> >> Municipalities could increase service fees (such as those on parking and construction permits) as well as fines, taxes, and the cost of accessing city assets (such as beaches). /Type /Page >> /ModDate (D:20131230000155+10'00') 11. /Font << Local government revenue comes from property, sales, and other taxes; charges and fees; and transfers from federal and state governments. >> In 2020 and 2021, Congress transferred a large amount of funds to state governments as part of the CARES Act, the Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act (part of the December 2020 omnibus bill), and the American Rescue Plan. Nicole Badstuber, London congestion charge has been a huge success. /Image97 76 0 R Do existing tax incentives increase homeownership? \~x2{w6HZpV1 ~eh5u*d*pn1gs9WzfY+W)hh,O`\`k}[rHyU ;18HXS-xep]#2 jAI740-+-=tk3zdSzn*Qv8tC>"mTv{ 4X[w*qQ*@TLHYF\MQZjxU^VQqy hiJdNVhP Mq:=oD5QyU!WwH^_/6+_Gwg_vSLVe` -WL=:@N>X9VfEhlfN~ <=-y3e,KQ!CH[jy^{eTuyt\p\)?rj;7K80r;@66Auu:fdYfJ LG8D6 %$5 incentive from a state or local government and are encouraged to claim the Advanced Manufacturing Investment Credit, a separate incentive administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service that provides a federal income tax credit for qualifying ca pital investments in a facility for which Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012. 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