On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 37% of 131 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 5.5/10. This one-note, demeaning depiction of Native Americans, as well as the cultural appropriation at play, would likely be cut by today's standards. "[17] While Collins composed six songs for the film, he shared vocal performance duties with Tina Turner, who sang the opening song;[18] the Blind Boys Of Alabama and the Bulgarian Women's Choir, who performed the song, "Transformation". Thus, the account not only bolsters our un derstanding of how cultural appropriation can cause harm, but may also provide the resources to lodge objections to cultural appropriation without exacerbating the harms of essentialism. Kenai's big brother is Sitka. Dwayne Johnson is half-Samoan through his mother. One of the most well-known characters from Disney's "The Jungle Book" is King Louie, an orangutan who is "king of the apes" and famously tells Mowgli, the human protagonist, "I wanna be like you.". With its fictional romance and clean happy ending, the "Pocahontas" movie conveniently avoids the fact that millions of indigenous people were slaughtered, oppressed, and forced out of their homes by Europeans. In the 2016 live-action remake of the film, King Louie is not an orangutan, but a gigantopithecus (a now-extinct primate native to the Indian jungle where "The Jungle Book" is set). Pocahontas rewrites history and kind of falls into the noble savage trope, wherein the good indigenous character has not yet been corrupted by the evil of civilization. While the pilot tested well, it was not picked up as Disney Channel executives felt that adapting the film as a series was "counterproductive" to their goal of trying to reach a tween audience, combined with the fact that the movie performed below expectations.[42]. The film was the third and final Disney animated feature produced primarily by the Feature Animation studio at Disney-MGM Studios in Orlando, Florida; the studio was shut down in March 2004, not long after the release of this film in favor of computer animated features. When it comes to cultural portrayal, Disney has to walk the line between representation and appropriation. [22], On October 20, 2003, Brother Bear premiered at the New Amsterdam Theatre where fellow attendees included New York Governor George Pataki and cast members Michael Clarke Duncan and Estelle Harris. ", A few examples of Disney villains people believe are queer-coded include Scar from "The Lion King," Jafar from "Aladdin," Hades from "Hercules," King Candy from "Wreck-It Ralph," and Ursula from "The Little Mermaid.". The character Jim Crow was also troublingly voiced by a white actor (Cliff Edwards). Words: 2401 Pages: 8 5490. Every other character speaks in British English, implying that the "Jungle Book" apes embody historically dehumanizing, racist comparisons between black people and apes. of cultural appropriation while eschewing the identification of cultural outsiders in individual cases. However, since Snow White is unconscious and essentially dead during the scene, this kiss could be viewed as non-consensual and an act of assault. Brother Vellies . San Fransokyo is basically San Fransisco rebuilt by Japanese immigrants. [citation needed]. The movie has left me with a lifelong interest and appreciation for real life Inuit culture so it would make me sad to find out it was offensive, but if it was I guess I'll just have to accept that. I must go to fetch the water / Till the day that I am grown / Then I will have a handsome husband / And a daughter of my own / And Ill send her to fetch the water / Ill be cooking in the home. Adding a new wrinkle to the conversation is Bruno Mars, whose unmistakable references to funk, R&B, and New Jack Swing in his art have long sparked whispers of appropriation and lawsuits over . Well, think again. Examples of Cultural Appropriation 1. I also read that the story was inspired by a supposed gap in the navigation history of the Polynesian peoples. Look for much more on American Indian medicine powers to come. It is important to understand, however, that there is a difference between appreciation and appropriation . Tangled marked a return to classic European fairy tales. A deeper understanding of what cultural appropriation is digs up issues of whether it is offensive and even racist. CULTURAL APPROPIATION IN ROYALE HIGH!! That being said, I would really like to know if the movie is at all offensive. New collaborations in storytelling. Disney doesnt have anything new on its horizon as of now. I dont think India will do a Disney-quality animated movie any time soon, so a musical collaboration seems like it could be a great idea. Access your favorite topics in a personalized feed while you're on the go. The new story is simply set in an uninhabited jungle that white people happen to visit in a time period that looks colonial. [8] Because Blaise desired a more naturalistic story, Blaise and producer Chuck Williams produced a two-page treatment of a father-son story in which the son is transformed into a bear, and in the end, remains a bear. She founded White Bear Moccasins in Bozeman, Mont. The series would have taken place directly after the events of the film and would have seen Kenai and Koda adopt other orphaned animals into their family. Last year, Disney showcased ancient Polynesian culture in Moana, and this year, Pixar will explore Mexican culture with Coco. The particular animals they represent symbolize what they must achieve to call themselves men. Kenai quickly discovers that the wildlife can now speak to him, meeting a pair of moose brothers named Rutt and Tuke. "I've struggled with Disney's 'Pocahontas' as a source of pain and stereotype," Kenzie Allen, a descendant of the Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin, told The Atlantic. "The Princess and the Frog's" Tiana, "The Emperor's New Groove's" Kuzco, and "Brother Bear's" Kenai all have one thing in common they're main characters of color in Disney movies who spend almost all of their respective stories physically transformed into animals. without permission. And, believe me, that reality still lives hidden away out there among our American Indians. My first memory of Chuck Berry came from the movie "Back to the Future.". If you show love and appreciation for parts of a culture, such as clothing, hairstyles, or accessories, but remain prejudiced against its people, that's appropriation. Context, particularly as it relates to power relationships, is a key factor in distinguishing borrowing from exploitative cultural appropriation. On the positive side, Disney can shine their spotlight on various countries and cultures, depict diverse people and ideas, and promote openness and understanding. (1995), Brother Bear (2003), as well as Moana (2016) all include indigenous . actress Kristen Bell recalled asking her young daughters in an interview with Parents.com. Each symbol is rooted in the spirituality and specifics of what makes it traditional. "The hyenas transparently represent the black, brown, and disabled bodies that are forcefully excluded from this hierarchical society," Dann Hassler-Forest wrote in The Washington Post. [10] However, Blaise explained that "we were struggling [with the story], trying to get some charm into the film. Theres a llama and some Andean-inspired visuals, but the characters have European food, amusement parks and every other modern American tradition. Think black people being called thugs, assumed to be gang members and refused job opportunities when we wear cornrows, or even our own natural hair. "Si and Am of 'Lady and the Tramp,' which premiered just a decade after the [World War II's] end, were undoubtedly conjured by the remaining prejudices of this milieu, emblems of an era when anything categorically or characteristically 'Asian' was met with misplaced fear," wrote Marcus Hunter for Flavorwire. ", "Isaak Surfing the Ironic / For Phoenix, life's a bear", "Looks like a bear market for 2-D animation", "Das Interview mit Ruben Aquino, Supervising-Animator (English transcript)", "Tina, Phil In 'Great Spirits' On Soundtrack", "Diverse Acts Interpret Collins For 'Brother Bear', "Inside Move: Disney wakes 'Bear' for Sat. March 21, 2017. [20] However, Disney announced that Brother Bear would be released in fall 2003, while Home on the Range was pushed back for a spring 2004 release. [30] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale. "[33] Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter called the film "a playful movie that celebrates nature and the spirit world with striking imagery and a smooth blend of drama and comedy. Set where land and glaciers meet in subarctic North America at least 10,000 years ago, when mammoths roamed our continent-"Brother Bear" makes clear this was a time when "one thing always changes into another" and where "spirits make all changes." DEFINITIONS. "You're so exotic.". Bear shamans are renowned for their healing abilities, especially from bullet wounds. It has an American narrator and Latin American actors. The film grossed $250 million against a $46 million budget. ", "To make matters even worse, the little mermaid's voice is her most cherished talent," wrote Simone Torn for Screen Rant. Cultural appropriation is a topic that is either explicit or implicit in our classrooms and one that must be . Here are 18 moments in Disney movies that haven't aged well. It inspired me to take a look at the history of cultural representation in Disney movies. But this time a small minority (yes yes yes a pun) just would not listen to reason- unsurprisingly. [5] Around 2000, the story evolved into a tale in which the transformed Kenai is taken in by an older bear, Grizz, who was to be voiced by Michael Clarke Duncan. This is important to bear in mind. "It feels like the characters seemingly have to be transfigured in some form for the writers and animators, mostly white men, to be able to truly care about them," wrote Monique Jones for Shadow and Act. It's a controversial topic, one that activists and celebrities like Adrienne Keene and Jesse Williams have helped bring into the national spotlight. . A direct-to-video sequel, Brother Bear 2, was released on August 29, 2006. Sitka complies, and Kenai is transformed back into a bear. Mostly, people view cultural appropriation as simply the adoption of some particular cultural aspects of another culture. But Mulan is such an inspiring story, its fair to say it at least depicts the Chinese hero in a positive light. Native American War Bonnet. It features Lake Titicaca, Mount Aconcagua, gauchos, charros, piatas and various dances and songs. There's a big difference between cultural appropriation and cultural appreciation. The lead crow is even named Jim Crow in an obvious reference to the racist Southern segregation laws that lasted until the mid-1960s. Three Cheers for Cultural Appropriation. "The hyenas had to change a lot," said Jon Favreau in Disney's press notes for the new movie. In the 2019 live-action remake, the lyrics were once again changed, this time to "Where you wander among every culture and tongue / It's chaotic, but hey, it's home.". Jeremy Suarez, Rick Moranis and Dave Thomas were to reprise their respective roles while Will Friedle would have replaced Joaquin Phoenix as Kenai. I loved the live-action Disney film Queen of Katwe, which was set in Uganda. One of the great American myths about native shamans is that they were rare. What Chuck Berry Taught Us About Cultural Appropriation. [31], On the syndicated television show At the Movies, film critics Roger Ebert and Richard Roeper both gave the film positive reviews. He hunts down and chases the bear up onto a rocky cliff, fighting and eventually slaying it. In the 1937 film "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs," the protagonist's love interest, Prince Florian, literally brings her back to life by kissing her. Answer (1 of 23): I once sat at a dinner party and this ridiculous subject came up, usually this sort of thing is seen for the agenda pushing nonsense it is. ! *coughs* Hey there, wanna become part of . Some even argue that Belle is showing signs of Stockholm Syndrome, in which hostage victims develop feelings of trust or affection toward their captors. In the novel, there is a tribe of black people, but they are Tarzans enemies. 1. By Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. Only then will we be close to a world that is more equal and respectful of others. Take the characters in Walt Disney Pictures' new animated feature. In 1941's "Dumbo," the elephant encounters a pack of crows who are some of the only characters who are friendly towards him in the movie. Mulan and Aladdin are to date my favorite classic Disney films. The voice actors are white. So here Kenai takes the first prerequisite step to succeeding. The film revolves around relationships between humans and their spirit helpers, and the beneficial magical powers derived from such relationships. Koda is reunited briefly with the spirit of his mother before she and Sitka return to the spirit world. Is it accurate? . Tarzan takes place in Africa, but it features no black character. The 2014 film "Maleficent," which is told from the villain's point of view, attempts to resolve the problematic scene by focusing on the untold story of Maleficent's eventual bond with Aurora. During a discussion among the bears, Koda tells a story about his mother recently fighting human hunters on a glacier, reminding Kenai of his and his brothers' fight with the bear that led to Sitka's death, making him realize that the entire time, the bear he killed was Koda's mother. Big Hero 6 is based on an American comic book set in Tokyo, but the movie is set in a fictional city called San Fransokyo. Since they cancelled Gigantic, everything they have planned is a sequel. You might be familiar with the Disney theme park ride "Splash Mountain" or the song "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah." Irene Bedard, a Native American actress, voiced Pocahontas. The tone of these film also varies, from the comedic anachronisms of Hercules to the darker approach of The Hunchback of Notre-Dame. at the start of 2020, nearly two years after teaching herself to sew a pair . "Noticeably marked by their ethnically coded 'street' accents, the hyenas blatantly symbolize racist and anti-Semitic stereotypes of 'verminous' groups that form a threat to society.". Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is based on a German fairy tale and Pinocchio is based on an Italian novel. [5] Voicing the moose brothers Rutt and Tuke, Dave Thomas and Rick Moranis performed simultaneously throughout the recording process. Typically, queer-coded male villains tend to be effeminate, flamboyant, and/or talk with a lisp, while queer-coded female villains tend to be more masculine and brash than the movies' heroines. The movie's rosy portrait of slavery and racial relations in the South immediately drew criticism at the time of the film's release. As in The Jungle Book, the animals reflect the local fauna, but not the local culture. He loves it, learned a great, new, easy-to-pronounce vocabulary word, and, most important, it looks adorable in the house but can go outside at any time. It is based on the famous Arabic tale set in Arabic China. The spirits call upon Tahana to reveal to each member of her tribe their totem spirit power. kiss kiss kiss! Brother Bear was the first feature since The Horse Whisperer to do a widescreen shift. brother bear cultural appropriationerik ellington supra shoe's causes of conflict around the world Fundacin Gil Gayarre . It is the 44th film in the Disney Animated Canon, and the last film in the canon to be released by the studio under the Walt Disney Pictures banner. The rest of the songs are Elvis Presley songs. Brother Bear: Directed by Aaron Blaise, Robert Walker. Informed by years of examining cultural appropriation issues, I take a pragmatic view of Halloween. In one scene from the original "Dumbo," the elephant's friend, Timothy Q. BOZEMAN, Mont. Contrary to speculation, news writer Jim Hill stated the release date switch was not because Home on the Range was suffering from story rewrites, but to promote Brother Bear on the Platinum Edition release of The Lion King. Cultural appropriation takes place when members of a majority group adopt cultural elements of a minority group in an exploitative, disrespectful, or stereotypical way. Cultural appropriation is starting to become more . When Tahana calls for him, Kenai's childish dream is to get a power stronger than either of them. 578. Many parents (including celebrities) have voiced their concerns over sharing the scene with their children. Shauna White Bear is on a mission to take moccasins back from the cultural appropriators who stole the hand-crafted footwear from Indigenous people and continue to profit from it. On the negative side, Disney can be accused of cultural appropriation as they make a profit off selling other peoples stories and culture. The year 2020 put the issue of race front and center of political and societal debate. American Indian medicine powers are badly understood by those who conquered Indian country. However, it's undeniable that some elements of Disney movies (especially older ones) simply don't hold up well today specifically in regards to how they treat women, people of color, and queer people. Cultural appropriation is the "adoption or taking of specific elements of one culture by another without substantive reciprocity, permission, compensation, understanding, or appreciation" (Chepp, 2012). Help. I play a Native American transformed into a bear. But the overuse of the term obscures offenses that might actually deserve more censure . Brother Bear is a 2003 American animated musical comedy-drama film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. This can include unauthorized use of another culture's dance, dress, music, language, folklore, cuisine, traditional medicine, religious symbols, etc. Collins, who had never written a score before, was excited to learn and the end result is wonderful. Even though the US is made up of many different cultures, "exotic" is a . In his print review for the Chicago Sun-Times, Ebert wrote the film "doesn't have the zowie factor of The Lion King or Finding Nemo, but is sweet rather than exciting. The two hyenas who speak are voiced by actors of color (Whoopi Goldberg and Cheech Marin) in a predominantly white voice cast, they speak in slang and serve a leader who speaks British English, are weak-willed and dim-witted, and come from the unsafe, "shadowy" area where the movie's young protagonist isn't allowed to go. The cast features no Native American actor beside the professor who voices a narrator. She then married an Englishman named John Rolfe and visited England, but she died at the young age of 21. In 1994's "The Lion King," Scar's accomplices are three hyenas Shenzi, Banzai, and Ed. Lesser-known Disney film Brother Bear, set in a post-ice age Alaska, uses music sung by a Bulgarian choir containing lyrics in Iupiaq, a language native to the region of the setting.Native languages can be used to add authenticity to a film, creating a sense of place that might not be as palpable if translated into English. "From a very early age, we're conflating queerness and gender expression outside of the binary with evil and villainy, especially with no counterpoints due to the total lack of positive and canonical queerness in children's media," argues YouTuber Rowan Ellis in her video essay"Why Are Disney Villains Gay/Queer? Of course, the former is a much larger portion . The performance was then arranged by score co-composers Collins and Mark Mancina, and vocal arranger Eddie Jobson. 1. This blending of two cultures is a timely concept and a nice love letter to immigrants. They make a deal: Kenai will escort Koda to an annual salmon run and then the cub will lead Kenai to the mountain. In the 2019 remake of "The Lion King," the hyenas are much shrewder and more threatening. He objects to his totem, stating that bears are thieves, and believes his point is made a fact when a brown bear steals their basket of salmon. The clothes, jewelry and architecture look inspired by ancient Middle-Eastern cultures, with a bit of India mixed in. Matt Sayles/Invision, via Associated Press. Bear shamans are also well known for the ability to transform into a bear. Brother Bear is a 2003 American animated musical fantasy comedy-drama film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures.The 44th Disney animated feature film, it was directed by Aaron Blaise and Robert Walker (in their feature directorial debuts) and produced by Chuck Williams, from a screenplay written by Tab Murphy, Lorne Cameron, David Hoselton, and the . It incorporates a few elements of African culture, like the Zulu chorus at the start of The Circle of Life and the Swahili catchphrase Hakuna Matata. In Disney's 1995 film "Pocahontas," the love between the movie's titular Native American protagonist and John Smith (a white Englishman sent to help "settle" America) effectively puts an end to the conflict between their two communities. Eventually, Kenai and Koda reach the salmon run, where a large number of bears live as a family, including the leader Tug. With Joaquin Phoenix, Jeremy Suarez, Jason Raize, Rick Moranis. The Emperors New Groove does for pre-Colombian Peru what Hercules did for Ancient Greece. The film opened second behind Scary Movie 3 grossing $18.5 million at the box office. Not offensive, but then again, the tribe portrayed in the movie isn't mine. Sweeney. The Spirits, represented by Sitka's spirit in the form of a bald eagle, arrive and transform Kenai into a bear after the dead bear's body evaporates and joins them. The first disc contained the widescreen version (1.66:1 aspect ratio) and the second disc featured the original theatrical widescreen version (1.66:1 and 2.35:1 aspect ratio). The score builds at just the right times and knows when to lead the audience to a more somber feeling. Unless there's a personal connection to the culture, these tattoos could be seen as cultural appropriation. Cultural appropriation affects the soul of people, a sense of their inherent value, and it also affects their pockets, their capacity to rise above their circumstances through the fair rewarding . I don't care about that. In fact, when the streaming service Disney Plus (which includes almost every Disney movie) launched in late 2019, a message was included ahead of classic movies like "Dumbo," and "Peter Pan," warning that the movies "may include outdated cultural depictions.". This year's Met Gala theme China: Through the Looking Glass was just begging for cultural appropriation, which led many starlets to play it safe with minimal references to China.Emma Roberts, however, earned herself Twitter backlash for wearing chopsticks in her hair.. Chopsticks in the hair is one of many broadly "Asian" styles tried on by Western dressers (for what it's worth . She does not speak the bear language, but advises him to return to the mountain to find Sitka and be turned back to a human, but only when he atones for his actions; she vanishes without an explanation. Kenai accepts his new surroundings and is comfortable living with the other bears. It may have come from some sort of New Age spirituality, but the problem comes when the concept is misused in a way that trivializes generations of deep Indigenous belief from a host of different cultures. "In an effort neither to offend audiences in the North or South, the production helps to perpetuate a dangerously glorified picture of slavery ['Song of the South'] unfortunately gives the impression of an idyllic master-slave relationship, which is a distortion of the facts," the NAACP said in a 1946 statement. Brother Bear has Inuit protagonists. "Is this because the animation field, a field that still has work to do in terms of having racial parity in the workplace, doesn't know how to successfully write about non-stereotypical characters of color?". Jacky Chan was at the height of his comedic career in the late 90s, and he voiced a part in the Chinese dub of Mulan, so Disney literally had him at their disposition! 2019, A Movie-Analysis of the Nature-Society Relations and underlying Cultural Values in Walt Disney Animation's Feature Film "Brother Bear", in respect of Norman K. Denzins Approach The relation between nature and society has been a topic of discussion not only in sociology but also other scientific fields such as ecology, biology . Kenai sacrifices himself for Koda, out of love, prompting Sitka to appear and turn him back into a human, much to Denahi and Koda's surprise. Historically, deciding exactly what culture is hasn't been easy. Unlike Sitka, who gained the eagle of guidance, and Denahi, who gained the wolf of wisdom, Kenai receives the bear of love. "[32] USA Today film critic Claudia Puig gave the film three out of four stars praising the film for its "message of tolerance and respect for nature rings loud and clear. As I said I am from Australia and although I am trying to learn I still don't know as much as I would like). [36] Stephen Holden of The New York Times felt the film was too similar to The Lion King. Saludos Amigos, for example, was conceived to tighten the relations between the United-States and South America during World War 2. Last edited on 26 February 2023, at 20:57, Outstanding Achievement for Animated Effects in an Animated Production, Outstanding Achievement for Character Design in a Feature Production, Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production, List of Disney theatrical animated features, "These Two Talking Moose Let Their Antlers Down", "Fraternal Obligation: Disney Revisits the Animal Picture with 'Brother Bear', "Brother Bear: Production Notes About the Production", "Brother Bear: Production Notes - Nature Calls", "Why For was Michael Clarke Duncan's Grizz character cut out of Disney's "Brother Bear"? Some of the English characters are voiced by English actors, like Alice and Robin Hood. Discover the world's research 20+ million members The protagonist, a human youth who finds himself transformed into a grizzly, is named Kenai. The website's consensus reads, "Brother Bear is gentle and pleasant if unremarkable Disney fare, with so-so animation and generic plotting. Disney transposed the story to Jazz Age New Orleans and added voodoo magic and bayous. They received little positive attention, and I don't ever recall seeing an American Indian sit-com on television. My reading of the historical records is that at least half of the people had spirit helpers. It likely takes place in Alaska as it features grizzlies, moose and auroras, but the animators said they visited national parks in Alaska and in the contiguous United-States for inspiration. Koda begins by teaching him humility. The Japanese influences are reflected in the architecture mostly, but also in the design of the robot and tech. The film stars the voices of Joaquin Phoenix, Jeremy Suarez, Rick Moranis, Dave Thomas, Jason Raize (in his only film role), and D.B. For the parade, the song had slightly changed lyrics and was performed by an ensemble. He gets caught in a trap, but is freed by an outgoing bear cub named Koda. "I wasn't just a fan, I was his brother." Brown - born dirt-poor in Barnwell, South Carolina, on the other side of the . Disney made its name adapting famous European stories. He has been criticized for cultural appropriation, stirring up controversy to drum up publicity, and, perhaps most frequently, for his former rap moniker, "Rich Chigga," "chigga" being a . However, every child who participates in the island's activities is then turned into a donkey and sold to work in nearby salt mines. Disney Television Animation was set to produce a television series titled Brother Bear: The Series for Disney Channel. The two are hunted by Denahi, who is still determined to avenge Kenai, unaware that the bear he is pursuing is actually Kenai himself. Children and their parents are likely to relate on completely different levels, the adults connecting with the transfer of souls from man to beast, while the kids are excited by the adventure stuff. As a result, it effectively erases their historical actions and paints a whitewashed picture of some of the darkest moments in American history. Last century they dubbed themselves the "forgotten minority." It's never a good idea to give up your voice or sense of self for a romantic partner especially when you're 16 and your potential love interest is a man you've never officially met. Authenticity evolves with experience. Peter and the Darlings also appropriate the tribe's culture, wearing headdresses, brandishing tomahawks, and making stereotypical "whooping" noises. I hope in the future they do more fairy tales set in real places. For instance, there are racist caricatures in "Dumbo" and "Lady and the Tramp," and non-consensual kisses in "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" and "Sleeping Beauty.". Rapunzel is a German fairy tale based on a French story loosely based on an Italian story. In the halls of academia, discourse regarding cultural appropriation arose in the late 1970s, sparked by the publication of Edward Said 's famous book "Orientalism.". It's called The Bears. As Ursula tells Ariel when she agrees to give up her ability to speak in order to become human and vie for Prince Eric's affections, "On land it's much preferred for ladies not to say a word / It's she who holds her tongue who gets a man. One major criticism Keziah received was that she profaned the dress by wearing it to a party. Aurora founded Brother Vellies in January 2013 with the purpose of preserving the craft of design throughout the African continent by creating a sustainable business model. Personal connection to the Lion King, '' the elephant 's friend, Timothy Q.,. Annual salmon run and then the cub will lead Kenai to the culture, wearing headdresses, brandishing,! 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